A Farm to Fork Risk Assessment for the Use of Wastewater in Agriculture in Accra, Ghana

This paper draws on SHARE PhD Student Prince Antwi-Agyei's PhD study into wastewater use in urban agriculture. The study sought to identify key risk factors for produce contamination at different entry points of the food chain. It found that over 80% of produce samples were contaminated with E. coli, with street food salad being the most contaminated, and that consumption of salads did not meet health standards. The risk factors for produce contamination identified were: farm soil and irrigation water contamination, poor hygiene, poor storage of produce, and operating with a hygiene permit.